https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/ 2026-04-12T09:36:09+00:00 https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/ https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico text/html 2024-04-03T13:44:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:alternate_mark_inversion_ami&rev=1712151840&do=diff Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is a line coding technique used in telecommunications to transmit digital signals over communication channels. It's commonly used in technologies such as T1 and E1 digital transmission systems. In AMI encoding, each binary 1 is represented by alternating positive and negative voltage levels (marks), while binary 0 is represented by no voltage change (a space). The alternating voltage levels help in maintaining the DC balance in the transmitted signal, which is imp… text/html 2024-04-03T13:35:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:attenuation&rev=1712151300&do=diff db gain calculations In communications, attenuation refers to the reduction in signal strength or intensity as a signal propagates through a medium or a transmission path. It is a common phenomenon in all types of communication systems and can occur due to various factors such as distance, obstacles, absorption, scattering, and interference. Attenuation affects the quality and reliability of communication links and is an important consideration in the design and optimization of communication ne… text/html 2024-04-06T13:42:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:automatic_repeat_request_arq&rev=1712410920&do=diff ARQ stands for Automatic Repeat reQuest, which is a communication protocol used to improve the reliability of data transmission over unreliable or error-prone communication channels. It's a type of error control protocol that allows the sender and receiver to detect and correct errors that occur during data transmission. text/html 2024-04-03T13:29:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:baseband&rev=1712150940&do=diff The term “baseband” has several meanings depending on the context: 1. Communication Technology: In telecommunications, “baseband” refers to a transmission scheme where digital or analog data is sent over a communication channel without modulation. In other words, the data is directly transmitted as-is without any modulation onto the transmission medium. This contrasts with text/html 2024-04-03T13:42:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:bcd&rev=1712151720&do=diff BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It's a binary encoding of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by its binary equivalent. In BCD, each decimal digit is typically represented by a 4-bit binary code, allowing the representation of decimal numbers from 0 to 9 in binary. text/html 2024-04-03T13:37:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:block_check_character&rev=1712151420&do=diff A Block Check Character (BCC) is a form of error-detecting code used in data communication protocols to verify the integrity of blocks of data. It's a method used to detect errors in transmitted data by appending an additional character or characters (usually a checksum or a CRC value) to the end of a block of data. The BCC is calculated based on the contents of the data block, and it changes if any bit in the data block is altered during transmission. text/html 2024-04-03T13:30:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:broadband&rev=1712151000&do=diff “Broadband” refers to a type of communication channel or technology that can transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a wide range of frequencies. This contrasts with “baseband” transmission, where only a single signal is transmitted over the entire bandwidth. text/html 2024-04-03T13:38:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:crc_check&rev=1712151480&do=diff CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a type of error-detecting code used in digital communication and data storage systems to detect accidental changes to raw data. It's widely used in communication protocols like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and in storage systems like hard drives and memory cards. text/html 2024-04-03T13:41:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:crc_standards&rev=1712151660&do=diff CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) standards are specifications that define the parameters and characteristics of CRC algorithms used for error detection in various communication protocols, data storage systems, and other applications. These standards specify the polynomial used for CRC calculation, the initial value of the CRC register, the final XOR value, and other parameters necessary for CRC computation. text/html 2024-04-03T13:34:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:crosstalk&rev=1712151240&do=diff Crosstalk is an unwanted phenomenon in communication systems where a signal transmitted on one channel unintentionally interferes with or affects the signal transmitted on another nearby channel. It commonly occurs in wired communication systems, such as telecommunications networks, Ethernet connections, and printed circuit boards (PCBs). text/html 2024-03-31T13:31:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:demultiplexing&rev=1711891860&do=diff Demultiplexing in communications refers to the process of separating multiple signals or data streams combined into a single transmission channel by a multiplexing technique. It involves extracting individual signals from the combined transmission and directing them to their respective destinations or recipients. Demultiplexing is essential for recovering the original data streams at the receiving end of a communication system. Here's a detailed explanation of demultiplexing: text/html 2024-04-17T09:20:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:ds3_and_t3&rev=1713345600&do=diff DS3 Circuits and T3 Lines Defined DS3 Circuits and T3 Lines Defined How DS3 and T3 work and the new competition from copper and fiber Carrier Ethernet. Companies that have outgrown their T1 lines often upgrade to DS3 bandwidth. Let’s take a look at what DS3 has to offer, how it relates to T3 lines, and recent competition from Ethernet over Copper services. text/html 2024-04-03T13:31:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:encoding&rev=1712151060&do=diff Certainly! These are different types of line coding techniques used in digital communication systems to encode binary data into signals suitable for transmission over communication channels. Here's a brief overview of each: 1. Unipolar Encoding: In unipolar encoding, only one voltage level is used to represent binary 0 or 1. For example, in a digital system where a positive voltage represents a binary 1 and zero voltage represents a binary 0. text/html 2024-04-06T13:38:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:forward_error_correction_fec&rev=1712410680&do=diff Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a technique used in data communication to enhance the reliability of transmitted data by adding redundant information. This redundancy allows the receiver to detect and correct errors that may occur during transmission without the need for retransmission of the data. text/html 2024-03-31T13:31:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:frequency&rev=1711891860&do=diff In communications, frequency refers to the number of oscillations or cycles of a periodic waveform that occur per unit of time. It is a fundamental characteristic of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, and plays a crucial role in various aspects of communication systems. Here's a detailed explanation of frequency in communications: text/html 2024-04-03T13:33:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:impulse_noise&rev=1712151180&do=diff Impulse noise, also known as spike noise or burst noise, is a type of interference that occurs in communication systems and electronic circuits. It consists of sudden, short-duration spikes or pulses of energy that can corrupt or distort the transmitted signals. Impulse noise can be caused by various factors, including: text/html 2024-03-31T13:30:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:multiplexing&rev=1711891800&do=diff Multiplexing in communications refers to the technique of combining multiple independent signals or data streams into a single transmission channel for efficient use of bandwidth. It allows multiple users or devices to share a communication medium such as a cable, fiber optic link, or wireless spectrum, thereby increasing the overall capacity and utilization of the network. Multiplexing is essential for optimizing resource allocation, minimizing costs, and supporting various communication servic… text/html 2024-04-03T13:41:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:one_s_complement_of_the_sum&rev=1712151660&do=diff The one's complement of the sum is a method used in computing to verify the integrity of data during transmission or storage. It's commonly used in error detection techniques, particularly in networking protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) checksum. text/html 2024-04-03T13:36:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:parity_check&rev=1712151360&do=diff Parity check is a method used in digital communication and data storage systems to detect errors in transmitted or stored data. It involves adding an extra bit, called a parity bit, to the data being transmitted or stored. The parity bit is calculated based on the number of ones in the data word and is used to ensure that the total number of ones in the word, including the parity bit, is either even (even parity) or odd (odd parity). text/html 2024-03-31T13:29:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:payload&rev=1711891740&do=diff In communications, the term “payload” refers to the actual data being transmitted over a network or communication channel, excluding any overhead or control information required for transmission. The payload carries the information that is of interest to the sender and receiver, such as text, audio, video, or other forms of digital data. Here's a detailed overview of the concept of payload in communications: text/html 2024-03-31T13:32:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://atrc.net.pk/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=products:ict:communications:terms:propogation&rev=1711891920&do=diff Propagation in communications refers to the process by which electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, propagate or travel from a transmitter to a receiver through a medium or the atmosphere. It encompasses various phenomena and effects that influence the transmission and reception of signals in communication systems. Understanding propagation is essential for designing, optimizing, and operating reliable communication networks. Here's a detailed explanation of propagation in communications: