Muftasoft TM

IPv4 addresses are typically represented in dotted-decimal notation, a human-readable format that breaks down the 32-bit binary address into four octets (each consisting of 8 bits) and expresses each octet in decimal form. Here's how it works:

1. Binary to Decimal Conversion:

1. Each octet of the IPv4 address, representing 8 bits, can have a value ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal notation.
2. To convert from binary to decimal, each group of 8 bits is represented as a decimal number using the following formula:

```

   Decimal = (2^7 * bit7) + (2^6 * bit6) + ... + (2^1 * bit1) + (2^0 * bit0)
   ```
 - For example, the binary octet `11000000` in decimal would be calculated as:
   ```
   (2^7 * 1) + (2^6 * 1) + (2^5 * 0) + (2^4 * 0) + (2^3 * 0) + (2^2 * 0) + (2^1 * 0) + (2^0 * 0) = 192
   ```

2. Dotted-Decimal Notation:

1. Once each octet is converted to decimal, the four decimal numbers are separated by periods (dots) to form the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation.
2. For example, the IPv4 address `11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001` in dotted-decimal notation would be:

```

   192.168.1.1
   ```

Dotted-decimal notation provides a convenient and human-readable way to represent IPv4 addresses, making it easier for network administrators and users to understand and work with IP addresses. It's the standard format used in most networking contexts for specifying IP addresses.