Cars (personal and electric) remain one of the lowest-cost options, with electric vehicles like the Tesla Model 3 providing the cheapest travel at $0.10 - $0.15 per mile.
Trains (both high-speed and regional) offer competitive or slightly higher costs depending on the region, with high-speed rail as the most affordable for long-distance travel at $0.10 - $0.20 per mile.
Helicopters, UAM vehicles (like drones), and aircraft generally have higher operational costs per mile, particularly for smaller aircraft, helicopters, and new UAM technologies like eVTOLs and passenger drones.