Armature reaction is a phenomenon that occurs in direct current (DC) generators and direct current (DC) motors, particularly when current flows through the armature windings. It involves the distortion of the magnetic field due to the magnetic effect of the armature current, which can affect the overall operation and performance of the machine.

Key points about armature reaction:

1. Cause: Armature reaction is caused by the flow of electric current in the armature winding of a DC generator or motor. When current flows through the armature conductors, it produces its own magnetic field that interacts with the main magnetic field produced by the field winding or permanent magnets.

2. Effect on Magnetic Field: The magnetic field produced by the armature current can either reinforce or weaken the main field, depending on the direction of the armature current. This can lead to a distortion of the magnetic field in the air gap between the armature and the field poles.

3. Rotor Shift: The distortion in the magnetic field due to armature reaction can cause a shift in the position of the rotor (the armature) relative to the stator (the field poles). This shift is known as the “rotor shift” or “brush shift.”

4. Effects on Operation:

1. Generator: In a DC generator, armature reaction can lead to a change in the generated voltage. If the armature reaction field opposes the main field, the generated voltage decreases; if it reinforces the main field, the generated voltage increases.
2. Motor: In a DC motor, armature reaction can affect the motor's speed and torque. It may cause a change in the motor's no-load and full-load speed, known as “speed regulation.”

5. Compensation: To mitigate the effects of armature reaction in DC generators and motors, compensating windings or pole shoes are often employed. These components are designed to counteract the armature reaction's influence on the magnetic field and maintain more stable performance.

6. Brush Position: Armature reaction can cause the brushes in a DC machine to experience additional wear and tear due to the rotor shift. Proper brush position and maintenance are essential to ensure good electrical contact and minimize sparking.

7. Design Considerations: Engineers and designers of DC machines take armature reaction into account during the design phase to ensure that the machine operates as intended under various load conditions.

In summary, armature reaction is a phenomenon in DC generators and motors where the magnetic field is distorted due to the current flowing through the armature windings. This can have various effects on the machine's operation, including changes in voltage, speed, and torque. Design features and compensating measures are used to minimize the impact of armature reaction and maintain the machine's desired performance.