Lightning payments refer to transactions that occur on the Lightning Network, which is a second-layer protocol built on top of a blockchain network, most commonly associated with Bitcoin. Lightning Network aims to address some of the scalability and speed limitations of blockchain-based transactions.

Here's how Lightning payments work:

1. Opening Payment Channels: Users who wish to transact on the Lightning Network first need to open payment channels with each other. These channels are like tubes through which funds can flow.

2. Off-Chain Transactions: Once payment channels are established, users can transact off-chain, meaning transactions occur without directly involving the underlying blockchain. This results in much faster and cheaper transactions compared to on-chain transactions.

3. Instant Transactions: Lightning payments are nearly instant because they don't require confirmation on the blockchain. Instead, they are settled between the parties involved in the payment channel.

4. Routing: If two parties don't have a direct payment channel, their transactions can still be routed through other channels in the network. This is facilitated by a network of nodes that help find the most efficient route for the payment.

5. Closing Channels: When parties want to settle their balances or close the payment channel, they can do so by broadcasting the final state of the channel to the blockchain. This finalizes the transaction on the blockchain.

Lightning payments offer several benefits, including scalability, faster transaction times, and lower fees compared to traditional on-chain transactions. They enable micropayments and can potentially enable a wide range of use cases, including instant peer-to-peer transactions, microtransactions for content monetization, and more efficient payment processing for various applications.