Interpoles, also known as commutating poles, are a specific type of compensating winding used in direct current (DC) machines, such as DC motors and DC generators. Interpoles are an essential component in many high-power DC machines, and their primary function is to improve the commutation process and mitigate the effects of armature reaction.

Key features and functions of interpoles:

1. **Commutation Improvement:** The primary purpose of interpoles is to enhance commutation in DC machines. Commutation is the process by which the direction of current in the armature winding is reversed as the rotor (armature) rotates. Effective commutation ensures that the armature current flows smoothly, allowing the machine to operate efficiently and reliably.

2. **Counteract Armature Reaction:** Interpoles are designed to counteract the magnetic field distortion caused by armature reaction. When current flows through the armature windings, it generates a magnetic field that can interfere with the main magnetic field produced by the field windings or permanent magnets. Interpoles produce an additional magnetic field that counteracts the distortions caused by armature reaction.

3. **Placement and Design:** Interpoles are placed in close proximity to the armature and the commutator of the machine. They are positioned between the main pole pieces of the stator and are connected in series with the armature circuit. The design of interpoles is crucial, as it must create a magnetic field that is in opposition to the distortions caused by armature reaction.

4. **Commutator and Brush Interaction:** Interpoles help improve the interaction between the commutator and brushes. By providing a more favorable magnetic field around the commutator, interpoles reduce the risk of sparking and wear on the brushes. This results in smoother and more reliable commutation.

5. **Compensation Effect:** The compensation provided by interpoles helps maintain a constant voltage output in DC generators under varying loads and load conditions. In DC motors, it contributes to more stable and efficient operation, particularly in applications with changing speeds and loads.

6. **Use in High-Power Machines:** Interpoles are commonly used in high-power DC machines, including large DC generators used in power plants and industrial settings, as well as DC motors used in heavy industry, electric traction, and other demanding applications.

7. **Maintenance and Adjustment:** Over time, interpoles may require maintenance to ensure they continue to function effectively. Maintenance may include checking the condition of the windings, connections, and alignment with the armature and commutator.

Interpoles play a critical role in the performance of high-power DC machines, helping to enhance commutation and mitigate armature reaction. Their proper design and installation are essential to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of DC generators and motors in demanding industrial applications.