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 The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not DNA could be extracted from human milk in significant amounts to be clinically useful in pharmacogenetic studies. This approach may provide an explanation for inter-patient variability of drug expression into human milk and in exposure of the recipient infant. This is a first step toward integrating pharmacogenetics into human milk pharmacology and breastfeeding management.
+[[https://www.livescience.com/6498-breast-milk-dna-good.html|
+Breast Milk Does DNA Good]]
+A newborn gulping breast milk may be doing his or her genes good, researchers say.
+Breast milk, but not formula, may improve the functioning of a baby's genes in a way that protects the infant from illness, according to a new study published in the May issue of the American Journal of Physiology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology.
+Scientists have long reported that breast is best. Breast milk-fed babies have stronger immune systems, fewer allergies and may be more resistant to chronic diseases, such as asthma, digestive disorders, and perhaps diabetes (Types I and II) and obesity.
+[[https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2022/08/biology-breast-milk|
+The Biology of Breast Milk]]
+You may have heard that breast milk is best. But what makes it so good for babies? Breast milk fills your baby’s health needs. Researchers are now learning more about what’s in it and how it changes as babies grow.
+“Breastfeeding is the gold standard for feeding infants,” says Dr. Dan Raiten, an NIH expert on childhood nutrition. Human milk provides nutrients and other compounds that babies need to grow and develop. These include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
+Experts recommend that infants drink human milk exclusively for the first six months of life. If possible, they should continue drinking human milk, from the breast or that’s been pumped and placed in a bottle, for up to 12 months. Parents can add in other foods starting around six months.
+Breastfeeding (sometimes called chestfeeding) lowers an infant’s risk for developing asthma, obesity, type 1 diabetes, ear infections, gut infections that cause diarrhea or vomiting, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It also benefits the mother, potentially lowering her risk of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. It helps the parent-infant bonding process, too.
+Human milk also provides infants with protection from germs. A baby’s immune system is not yet developed. So they don’t have many germ-fighting molecules, called antibodies. Breast milk passes the mother’s antibodies to the baby. This helps protect the child from germs until their immune system develops.
+Breast milk contains many other biologically active components, too. “Human milk is not just a composite of individual components,” Raiten says. “It’s an active biological system.” The lactating (milk-producing) parent and infant interact and affect one another. That means what’s in human milk can change, even over the course of the day.
+Take the molecules that regulate your body’s biological clocks, or circadian clocks. Your body has different amounts of these depending on the time of day. They signal when it’s time to wake, eat, and sleep. These are passed along to the baby through breast milk.
+Researchers are just beginning to understand how milk composition affects babies’ short-term and long-term health. To learn more, NIH started the BEGIN project. This project is trying to untangle the biology behind milk production, how milk affects babies’ development, and how babies and their environment influence this system.
+Some lactating parents don’t produce enough milk or may have physical issues that block milk from coming out. Others may be advised against breastfeeding if they’re taking certain medications or drugs or when they have certain illnesses.
+For those who can’t breastfeed, formula is an option. “Formula is based on our best knowledge about the composition of human milk,” Raiten says. And that knowledge continues to evolve.
+“If you can do it, breastfeeding is the best way to take care of your baby,” says Raiten. If you’re having trouble, talk with your health care provider.
+[[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/babys-cells-can-manipulate-moms-body-decades-180956493/|
+Baby’s Cells Can Manipulate Mom’s Body for Decades]]
+An evolutionary approach may help scientists understand why mothers become genetic chimeras and how that affects their health
+Viviane Callier
+September 2, 2015
+iStock_000048728706_Large.jpg
+Sure, it looks cute now, but a new study explores why babies influence their moms' DNA for years. PeopleImages/iStock
+Mothers around the world say they feel like their children are still a part of them long after they've given birth. As it turns out, that is literally true. During pregnancy, cells from the fetus cross the placenta and enter the mother's body, where they can become part of her tissues.
+This cellular invasion means that mothers carry unique genetic material from their children’s bodies, creating what biologists call a microchimera, named after the legendary beasts made of different animals. The phenomenon is widespread among mammals, and scientists have proposed a number of theories for how it affects the mother, from better wound healing to higher risk of cancer.
+[[https://www.mayapeds.com/breast-milk-and-the-blood-stream-how-human-milk-is-made/|
+Breast Milk and the Blood Stream: How human milk is made]]
+Yes, parts of breast milk come from blood! Just how is breast milk made? Today’s post covers the basics.
+Let’s review some anatomy first, then go over how someone’s blood will influence their breast milk. Lastly, I’ll go over why this matters.
+A few words on breast anatomy for making milk
+(It’s possible for someone to produce milk without being pregnant, but this is usually done under the care of a health care professional and includes prescription medications. For this article, I’ll focus on pregnancy and delivery prompting the hormone changes, as that is far more common. And, for clarity, I’m also going to use the term “mother” when referring to the breastfeeding parent.).
+Humans have breast tissue in their chests. When someone is pregnant, hormones involved in the pregnancy trigger big changes in the breast tissue, preparing it to make milk.
+After delivery, there are even more hormone changes and the mother’s body prepares to release the milk (in order to feed a baby, for example).
+Usually a few days after delivery, we say the milk has “come in.” Once milk has “come in” and breast milk production is established, continued milk production is closely related to how often the breasts are emptied. The more often a baby feeds or a mom pumps milk, the more milk she’ll make.
+(The physiology involved with the first few days of breastfeeding is beyond the scope of this post. To be clear, there is milk present before the full supply comes in. It’s called colostrum and is perfect for newborns. See this article for more details).