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[[https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/optical/synchronous-optical-network-sonet/13567-sonet-tech-tips.html|
A Brief Overview of SONET Technology]]


[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbSqcJNc3ZQ|
 WANs: Transport Options (SONET, SDH, MPLS) ]]


[[https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/synchronous-optical-network-sonet/|
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)]]


[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aralHQ33PB4|
 SONET/SDH Basics, Devices, Structure, Operation, Frame, Network and Applications ]]

[[http://pld.cs.luc.edu/courses/346/sum15/mnotes/tcarrier_sonet.html|
T-Carrier and SONET]]




[[https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/SDH-frame-structure.html|
SONET Frames information]]

[[https://mapyourtech.com/significance-of-scrambler-in-sonet-sdh-systems/|
Significance of Scrambler in SONET/SDH Systems]]

[[https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/optical/15000r5_0/planning/guide/r50engpl/r50appb.pdf|
SONET Primer]]



SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Networking. It's a standard for transmitting digital information over optical fiber networks. SONET provides a set of standards for synchronous data transmission over fiber optic networks, primarily for telecommunications companies. It offers high-speed, high-bandwidth communication channels, typically used for long-distance telecommunication and data networking.

SONET networks operate at speeds ranging from 51.84 Mbps (OC-1) up to 40 Gbps (OC-768). The standardization of SONET allows for interoperability between different vendors' equipment and facilitates the integration of various network technologies. SONET has been widely adopted in telecommunications networks worldwide due to its reliability, scalability, and efficiency in transporting large volumes of data over long distances.

The table below outlines the data rates for various SONET signals, including OC (Optical Carrier), STS (Synchronous Transport Signal), and STM (Synchronous Transport Module):

^ SONET Signal  ^ Data Rate (Mbps)  ^
| OC-1          | 51.84             |
| OC-3          | 155.52            |
| OC-12         | 622.08            |
| OC-24         | 1244.16           |
| OC-48         | 2488.32           |
| OC-192        | 9953.28           |
| OC-768        | 39,813.12         |
| STS-1         | 51.84             |
| STS-3         | 155.52            |
| STS-12        | 622.08            |
| STS-24        | 1244.16           |
| STS-48        | 2488.32           |
| STS-192       | 9953.28           |
| STM-1         | 155.52            |
| STM-4         | 622.08            |
| STM-16        | 2488.32           |
| STM-64        | 9953.28           |

 

These data rates are commonly used in telecommunications for transmitting digital information over optical fiber networks according to the SONET standard.

Here's a brief explanation of each:

1. **OC (Optical Carrier)**:
   - OC refers to the different transmission rates used in SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) standards. 
   - These rates are multiples of the base rate of 51.84 Mbps. For example, OC-1 operates at 51.84 Mbps, OC-3 at 155.52 Mbps, OC-12 at 622.08 Mbps, and so on.

2. **STS (Synchronous Transport Signal)**:
   - STS refers specifically to SONET signals in North America. 
   - Similar to OC, STS signals are designated by their data rate, with STS-1 being the base rate of 51.84 Mbps and higher levels being multiples of STS-1.

3. **STM (Synchronous Transport Module)**:
   - STM is the counterpart of STS in the SDH standard used in Europe and other parts of the world.
   - Similar to STS, STM signals also represent different data rates, with STM-1 being equivalent to STS-1 and having a data rate of 155.52 Mbps.

These standards are essentially different naming conventions used in different regions (SONET in North America, SDH in Europe and elsewhere) for the same underlying technology of synchronous optical networking. They ensure interoperability and standardization in high-speed telecommunications networks.